A Compendium of Geochemistry

The book focuses on compositional data and related references for such substances as solar photosphere, meteorites, igneous rocks, soils, sedimentary rocks, surficial waters, marine and terrestrial organisms (including humans), and aerosols. It emphasizes the use of original raw data as much as possible, and applies the statistical technique of factor analysis to elucidate any underlying interrelationships among chemical elements and given sample sets. Whenever applicable, simple chemical thermodynamic models are introduced to explain the observed partitioning of elements among different phases.

Contents

• Preface xi
• Chapter 1: Atoms, Nuclei, and Energy 3
• Introduction 3
• I-1. Periodic Table of the Elements and Electron Configurations of Atoms 3
• I-2. Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Binding Energies 13
• I-3. Cohesive Energies among the Atoms of Pure Metals and Nonmetals 19
• I-4. Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities of Gaseous Atoms and Ions 23
• I-5. Ionic Radii and Ionic Potentials 28
• I-6. Electric Polarizability 35
• I-7. Electronegativity 39
• I-8. Crystal Lattice Energies 44
• I-9. Hydrolysis of Canons and Dissociation of Oxyacids 48
• I-10. Solubility Products and Affinity of Aqueous Cations to Oxides 52
• I-11. Concluding Remarks 53
• Chapter 2: The Solar Nebula and Nucleosynthesis 55
• Introduction 55
• II-1. Elemental and Isotopic Compositions of the Solar Nebula 55
• II-2. Cosmological Nucleosynthesis 63
• II-3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis 68
• II-4. Concluding Remarks 82
• Chapter 3: Structure and Chemistry of the Solar System 83
• Introduction 83
• III-1. Motion of Interplanetary Objects 83
• III-2. Asteroids and Comets 86
• III-3. Planets, Their Satellites, and Their Rings 99
• III-4. Condensation of Solid Dusts from the Solar Nebular Gas 107
• Chapter 4: Distribution of Elements in Meteorites 119
• Introduction 119
• IV-1. Classification of Meteorites 119
• IV-2. Oxygen Isotopes and Possible Genetic Relationships among Subclasses of Meteorites 129
• IV-3. Bulk Compositions of Chondrites and Factor Analysis 133
• IV-4. Cosmochemical Classification of Elements 144
• IV-5. Matrices and Chondrules of Chondrites 154
• IV-6. Ca-Al-Rich Inclusions in Chondrites 167
• IV-7. Igneous Differentiation in Achondrites and Iron Meteorites 179
• IV-8. Concluding Remarks 188
• Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks and the Composition of the Earth 189
• Introduction 189
• V-1. Classification Scheme for Igneous Rocks 189
• V-2. Earth's Structure and Mineral Composition 193
• V-3. Partial Melting and Fractional Crystallization Models of Igneous Rocks 197
• V-4. Deduction of the Primitive Upper Mantle Composition 209
• V-5. Partition of the Elements between Mantle and Core 215
• V-6. Continental and Oceanic Crusts 221
• V-7. Relationship between the Compositions of Mantle and Crust 231
• V-8. Isotopic Heterogeneity of the Mantle 234
• V-9. Case Studies of Elemental Association in Igneous Rocks 242
• V-10. Concluding Remarks 249
• Chapter 6: Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks 253
• Introduction 253
• VI-1. Weathering of Igneous Rocks 254
• VI-2. Dissolved Products of Chemical Weathering 260
• VI-3. Major Classes of Sedimentary Rocks 264
• VI-4. Relative Abundances of Major Sedimentary Rock Types and Mass Balance 268
• VI-5. Shales and Related Materials 273
• VI-6. Trace Elements in Sandstone and Limestone 283
• VI-7. Iron Formations 288
• VI-8. Partition of Elements between River-Suspended Particles and River Water, and the Adsorption Model 296
• VI-9. Concluding Remarks 302
• Chapter 7: Distribution of Elements in the Ocean 303
• Introduction 303
• VII-I. Concentrations of Elements in the Oceans 3(13
• VII-2. Chemical Speciation of Elements in the Ocean 312
• VII-3. Marine Algae and Plankton 317
• VII-4. Zooplankton Fecal Pellets and Sediment Trap Material 325
• VII-5. Marine Sediments 329
• VII-6. Marine Manganese Nodules and Seamount Manganese Crusts 341
• VII-7. Marine Phosphorite 347
• VII-8. Hydrothermal Vents of the Mid-Ocean Ridges 348
• VII-9. Concluding Remarks 352
• Chapter 8: Biosphere and Homo Sapiens 355
• Introduction 355
• VIII-1. Are all Creatures Created Equal? 355
• VIII-2. Human Body 366
• VIII-3. Coals, Crude Oils, and Organic-Rich Shales 376
• VIII-4. Relative Volatility of Elements and Compositions of Aerosol Particles 387
• VIII-5. Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning on the Chemistry of Rain and River Waters: A Case Study 405
• VIII-6. Concluding Remarks 411
• Appendix: Rayleigh Condensation and Evaporation Models 413
• Appendix Table A-1: Ionization Energies 415
• Appendix Table A-2: Abundance of the Nuclides 418
• Appendix Table A-3: Minerals in Meteorites 424
• Appendix Table A-4: Minerals in Igneous Rocks 426
• References 429
• Index 465