Network Consultants Handbook

With Network Consultants Handbook, you will

• Learn from network audit and evaluation guidelines that aid in data gathering and analysis of network environments
• Work with tables and calculations that help provide near-real-time answers to internetworking issues and challenges
• Learn network diagramming tips that aid consultants and engineers in preparing consistent drawings for in-house documentation
• Discover how specific internetworking technologies fit into a design to create a networking solution for your customer

Network consultants and engineers in today's industry continually face the challenge of assessing, auditing, and reviewing existing networks. Documenting, reviewing, and analyzing these changes in a customer's network is more challenging today than in the past, partly because of the explosive growth of converged applications and the Internet. Consultants and engineers often reinvent the wheel to gather and analyze relevant network information, particularly when examining a client's network while having little or no background information.

Network Consultants Handbook is a complete resource for assessing, auditing, analyzing, and evaluating any network environment. Intended for anyone who designs, manages, sells, administrates, or desires to understand various internetworking technologies, Network Consultants Handbook demonstrates where and how to gather relevant information and how to analyze and document this information. Technology overviews peel away each layer of the network to provide a completeassessment. This book prepares you with form templates to complete during a network audit, necessary device commands to aid in obtaining necessary information, and consistent forms to aid in documentation.

Networks are like snowflakes: No two are alike. This is the challenge that network consultants, engineers, managers, designers, and anyone else involved with networks must face every day. Network Consultants Handbook provides the resources you need to evaluate and design networks, either as a desktop reference resource or in the field where the tables and calculations help provide near-real-time answers to internetworking issues and challenges.

Companion Web Site

The companion Web site for the book contains fully downloadable versions of the data gathering and analysis templates. These templates offer an easy-to-complete solution to gathering the data you need to complete your analysis of network environments.

This book is part of the Cisco Press Networking Technologies Series, which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.

• Foreword xxviii
  
• Introduction xxix

Chapter 1

• Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model 3
  
• OSI Reference Model 3
  
• Summary 11

Chapter 2

• LAN Topologies 13
  
• Unicast 13
  
• Multicast 14
  
• Broadcast 14
  
• LAN Addressing 16
  
• LAN Topologies 17
  
• Network Devices 22
  
• Routers 39
  
• Summary 40

Chapter 3

• Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 43
  
• Ethernet Network Elements 46
  
• Ethernet Network Topologies and Structures 47
  
• IEEE 802.3 Logical Relationship to the OSI Reference Model 48
  
• The Ethernet Physical Layers 59
  
• 10 Mbps Ethernet Operation 60
  
• 100 Mbps, or Fast Ethernet 65
  
• 100VG-AnyLAN 70
  
• 1000 Mbps, or Gigabit (Gbps) Ethernet 73
  
• 10 Gbps, or 10 Gigabit Ethernet 75
  
• Summary 79

Chapter 4

• Ethernet Documentation 83
  
• Case Study: Naming Conventions 83
  
• Small Ethernet (Hub-Based) Networks 85
  
• Documentation Case Study 87
  
• Summary 105

Chapter 5

• Ethernet Network Review and Analysis 107
  
• Cisco Router Interface Commands 107
  
• show interface ethernet number accounting 119
  
• show buffers ethernet 120
  
• Buffer Misses 123
  
• show processes cpu 124
  
• CPU Utilization 125
  
• Ethernet Network Analysis 125
  
• Ethernet Frame Transmission 125
  
• Ethernet Baseline 128
  
• Ethernet MTU 131
  
• Ethernet Throughput 132
  
• Ethernet Effective Utilization 134
  
• Ethernet with IP Networking 135
  
• Ethernet with IPX Networking 140
  
• Case Study: Ethernet Network Analyzers 146
  
• Summary 149

Chapter 6

• Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 153
  
• Token Ring 153
  
• Physical Connections 155
  
• Token Ring Operation 156
  
• Token Holding Time (THT) 161
  
• Frame Format 165
  
• Dedicated Token Ring 168
  
• Summary 171

Chapter 7

• FDDI 173
  
• Fiber-Optic Transmission Modes 173
  
• FDDI Topology 174
  
• FDDI Operation 182
  
• FDDI LAN Applications 187
  
• Summary 188

Chapter 8

• Token Ring and FDDI LAN Documentation 191
  
• Case Study: Naming Conventions 192
  
• Case Study: Simple Token Ring LAN 194
  
• Case Study: Simple FDDI LAN 197
  
• Summary 200

Chapter 9

• Token Ring and FDDI Network Review and Analysis 203
  
• Token Ring LANs 203
  
• FDDI LANs 223
  
• Summary 245

Chapter 10

• ATM LAN Emulation (LANE) 247
  
• Emulated LAN Environments 248
  
• LAN Emulation Clients (LECs) 252
  
• LAN Emulation Servers (LESs) 253
  
• LAN Emulation Applications 268
  
• Summary 269

Chapter 11

• ATM LANE Documentation, Review, and Analysis 273
  
• Effective Operating Rate 273
  
• ATM LANE Traffic Classes 274
  
• IOS Commands 277
  
• ATM LANE Documentation 287
  
• Summary 292

Chapter 12

• Telecommunications and Telephony 295
  
• Voice Signaling 295
  
• ANI 301
  
• Lines and Trunks 303
  
• ISDN 310
  
• DSL 317
  
• Summary 324

Chapter 13

• Private Line WANs 327
  
• T1 Basics 327
  
• TDM 329
  
• T1 Documentation 339
  
• T1 Access 343
  
• T1 Testing and Analysis 346
  
• DS0 Basics 347
  
• DS3 350
  
• Summary 353

Chapter 14

• Fiber-Optic Technology 357
  
• Optic Bands and Transmission Windows 358
  
• Sonet/SDH 361
  
• DWDM 368
  
• Summary 370

Chapter 15

• Frame Relay 375
  
• Frame Relay Terms and Concepts 376
  
• Frame Relay Applications 403
  
• Frame Relay Traffic Shaping 425
  
• Traffic Policing and Shaping 430
  
• Summary 438

Chapter 16

• Frame Relay Documentation 443
  
• Case Study: Naming Conventions 444
  
• Frame Relay DLCI Table 471
  
• Summary 473

Chapter 17

• Frame Relay WAN Analysis 477
  
• Frame Relay Traffic Shaping 477
  
• Frame Relay Oversubscription 481
  
• Frame Relay Data Delivery Ratio (DDR) 483
  
• Frame Relay SLAs 487
  
• Summary 487

Chapter 18

• ATM Wide-Area Networking (WAN) and MPOA 491
  
• ATM Network Architecture 493
  
• ATM WAN Interfaces 494
  
• PNNI Signaling 498
  
• ATM Connections 498
  
• ATM Cells and Cell Relay 499
  
• ATM Service Classes 501
  
• ATM Service Architecture 501
  
• ATM Service Categories Description 504
  
• ATM Functional Layers 509
  
• ATM Addressing 513
  
• ATM Applications 515
  
• Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA) 517
  
• Three Elements of MPOA 519
  
• MPOA Logical Components 520
  
• Caching 521
  
• Virtual Subnets 521
  
• Network Layer Mapping 522
  
• Taking a Shortcut: The Basic Concept 522
  
• MPOA Packet Flow 524
  
• Migration and Coexistence 525
  
• Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 526
  
• Summary 527

Chapter 19

• ATM WAN Documentation 531
  
• Case Study: Naming Conventions 532
  
• ATM VPI/VCI Table 550
  
• Summary 552

Chapter 20

• Voice Technology 555
  
• VoIP Network Elements 555
  
• Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 575
  
• VoIP Equipment Adjustment 579
  
• VoX Call Establishment 581
  
• VoX Summary 582
  
• Voice over ATM (VoATM) 583
  
• VoATM Expectations 590
  
• VoATM Summary 596
  
• Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR) 597
  
• VoIP 600
  
• VoX Circuit Sizing 601
  
• Summary 603

Chapter 21

• Remote Access and VPNs 607
  
• Remote Access 607
  
• LAN-to-LAN VPN 612
  
• Authentication 613
  
• Encryption Alternatives 618
  
• Telecommunications Access Methods to a Local ISP 624
  
• Policy and Administrative Management 627
  
• VPN Network Requirements 630
  
• Remote Access VPN Network Design 634
  
• VPN User-Access Requirements 638
  
• VPN Performance Requirements 638
  
• VPN Client Essentials, Security Guidelines, and Vulnerabilities 640
  
• DHCP Support 644
  
• Summary 645

Chapter 22

• Network Management Introduction 649
  
• Network Management Architecture 649
  
• Network Management Model 651
  
• Network Management Functional Architecture 659
  
• MIB 661
  
• Summary 667

Chapter 23

• IP VPN WAN Documentation 671
  
• Remote Access Documentation Template 672
  
• IOS Commands 680
  
• Summary 682

Chapter 24

• Routing Protocols 685
  
• Routing: Static Versus Dynamic 685
  
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 691
  
• RIP Routing Protocol Summary 700
  
• RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) 701
  
• RIPv2 Summary 703
  
• IGRP 703
  
• IGRP Summary 710
  
• EIGRP 710
  
• EIGRP Summary 715
  
• OSPF 715
  
• OSPF Summary 725
  
• Summary 725

Chapter 25

• Routing Protocols, Part II 729
  
• Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) 729
  
• IS-IS Summary 735
  
• Border Gateway Protocol, Version 4 (BGP4) 736
  
• BGP Summary 753
  
• EGP 756
  
• EGP Summary 758
  
• Summary 758

Chapter 26

• IPv6 Introduction 761
  
• IPv6 Terms 763
  
• IPv6 Addressing 764
  
• IPv6 Neighbor Discover Protocol (NDP) 773
  
• IPv4/IPv6 Transition 774
  
• IPv4/IPv6 Network Address Translation (NAT) 775
  
• IPv6 Header 776
  
• IPv6/IPv4 Tunneling 777
  
• 6to4 Tunnel Management 779
  
• 6to4 Case Study 780
  
• Summary 784

Chapter 27

• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 787
  
• Label-Edge Routers (LERs) and Label-Switching Routers (LSRs) 788
  
• Forward Equivalence Classes (FECs) 788
  
• Labels and Label Bindings 788
  
• MPLS Fundamentals 789
  
• Multilayer Switching 792
  
• MPLS Evolution 795
  
• MPLS Model 796
  
• MPLS and Layer 3 Forwarding 798
  
• MPLS Operation 798
  
• MPLS Enhanced Routing 800
  
• MPLS Applications 801
  
• MPLS Virtual Private Networks (MPLS-VPNs) 804
  
• IP/MPLS Network 805
  
• BGP-Extended Community Attributes 806
  
• MPLS VPN Operational Model 807
  
• Summary 811

Appendix A

• LAN/WAN Network Assessment 815
  
• Introduction 815
  
• Executive Summary of Findings 815
  
• Current Network Topology and Characterization 815
  
• Recommendations 821
  
• Network Health 821
  
• Network Provisioning 837
  
• Subnet Masks 839
  
• Interface Types by Region/Country 840
  
• Data Transmission Throughput 843
  
• Mesh Network Connectivity 851
  
• VoIP Bandwidth Consumption 854

Appendix B

• Protocol List 859

Appendix C

• List of ITU-T X. 121 Data Country or Geographical Area Codes 899

Appendix D

• International Country Codes 911

Appendix E

• Bibliography 923
  
• Index 927