Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless Systems

The definitive text on wireless radio propagation modeling, by one of the world's leading experts.

To build wireless systems that deliver maximum performance and reliability, engineers need a detailed understanding of radio propagation. Drawing on over 15 years of experience, leading wireless communications researcher Henry Bertoni presents the most complete discussion of techniques for predicting radio propagation ever published. From its insightful introduction on spectrum reuse to its state-of-the-art real-world models for buildings, terrain, and foliage, Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless Systems delivers invaluable information for every wireless system designer. Coverage provides :

A door to the understanding of radio wave propagation for the wireless channel. In-depth study of the effects on path loss of buildings, terrain, and foliage. A unified view of key propagation effects in narrowband and wideband systems, including spatial variation, angle of arrival, and delay spread. Readable account of diffraction at building corners, with worked out examples. Never-before-published coverage of mobile-to-mobile path loss in cities. Effective new ray-based models for site-specific predictions and simulation of channel statistics. Simulations of fast fading and shadow loss.

From start to finish, Radio Propagation for Modern Wireless Systems presents sophisticated models-and compares their results with actual field measurements. With thorough coverage and extensive examples from both narrowband and wideband systems, it can help any wireless designer deliver more powerful, cost-effective services.

Table of contents

Preface
The Cellular Concept and the Need for Propagation Prediction
Concept of spatial reuse
Linear cells as an example of FDMA spectrum reuse
Hexagonal cells for area coverage
Symmetric reuse patterns
Interference for symmetric reuse patterns
Sectored cells
Spatial reuse for CDMA
Summary
Problems
References
Survey of Observed Characteristics of the
Propagation Channel
Narrowband signal measurements
Signal variation over small areas: fast fading
Variations of the small-area average: shadow fading
Separating shadow fading from range
dependence
Slope-intercept models for macrocell range
dependence
Range dependence for microcells: influence of street geometry
LOS paths
Zigzag and staircase paths in Sunset and
Mission districts
Non-LOS paths in the high-rise core of San Francisco
Multipath model for fast fading and other narrowband effects
Frequency fading
Time-dependent fading
Doppler spread
Depolarization
Narrowband indoor signal propagation
Fast fading for indoor links
Distance dependence of small-area average
Channel response for pulsed excitation
Power delay profile
Fading characteristics of individual pulses
Measures of time-delay spread
Coherence bandwidth
Multipath observed at elevated base station antennas
Summary
Problems
References
Plane Wave Propagation, Reflection, and Transmission
Plane waves in an unbounded region
Phasor notation
Propagation oblique to the coordinate axes
Fast fading due to several plane waves
Correlation function and Doppler spread
Fading at elevated base stations
Reflection of plane waves at planar boundaries
Snell's law
Reflection and transmission coefficients for TE polarization
Reflection and transmission coefficients for TM polarization
Height gain for antennas above ground
Reflection of circularly polarized waves
Plane wave incidence on dielectric layers
Reflection at a brick wall
Reflection at walls with loss
Transmission through walls of uniform
construction
Transmission through in-situ walls and floors
Summary
Problems
References
Antennas and Radiation
Radiation of spherical waves
Receiving antennas, reciprocity, and path
gain or loss
Path gain or loss
Effective area of a receiving antenna
Received power in the presence of a
multipath
Two-ray model for propagation above a flat earth
Breakpoint distance
Two-slope regression fit
LOS Propagation in an urban canyon
Cylindrical waves
Summary
Problems
References
Diffraction by Edges and Corners
Local nature of propagation
Evaluation of the field distortion
Interpretation of the local region in terms of Fresnel zones
Plane wave diffraction by an absorbing half-screen
Field in the illuminated region y>0
Field in the shadow region y<0
Geometrical theory of diffraction
Evaluating the Fresnel integral for y near the shadow boundary
Uniform theory of diffraction
Diffraction for other edges and for oblique
incidence
Absorbing screen
Conducting screen
Right-angle wedge
Plane waves propagating oblique to the edge
Diffraction of spherical waves
Diffraction for rays incident at nearly right angles to the edge
Diffraction for rays that are oblique to the edge
Path gain for wireless applications
Diffraction by multiple edges
Two parallel edges
Two perpendicular edges
Summary
Problems
References
Propagation in the Presence of Buildings on Flat Terrain
Modeling propagation over rows of low buildings
Components of the path gain
Modeling PG2 by diffraction of the rooftop fields
Approaches to computing the reduction PG1 of the rooftop fields
Physical optics approach to computing field reduction
Solutions for uniform row spacing and building height
Plane wave incidence for macrocell predictions
Solution in terms of Borsma's functions
Using the settled field to find the path
loss
Cylindrical wave incidence for microcell predictions
Solution in terms of Borsma's functions
Path loss for low base station antennas
Path loss for mobile-to-mobile propagation
Propagation oblique to rows of buildings
Numerical evaluation of fields for variable building height and row spacing
Windowing to terminate the integration
Discretization of the integration
Height dependence of the settled field
Influence of roof shape
Summary
Problems
References
Shadow Fading and the Effects of Terrain and Trees
Shadow fading statistics
Variation of the rooftop fields
Combined variations for street-level signal
Modeling terrain effects
Paths with LOS to the rooftops near the subscriber
Paths with diffraction over bare wedge-shaped hills
Paths with diffraction over bare
cylindrical hills
Diffraction of cylindrical waves over hills with buildings
Path loss formulas for building-covered hills
Modeling the effects of trees
Propagation to subscribers in forested areas
Path loss to subscribers in forest
clearings
Rows of trees in residential areas
Summary
Problems
References
Site-Specific Propagation Prediction
Outdoor predictions using a two-dimensional
building database
Image and pincushion methods
Ray contributions to total power
Comparison of predictions with
measurements
Two-dimensional predictions for a Manhattan street grid
Path loss in turning one corner
Predictions made using two-dimensional
ray methods
Outdoor predictions using a
three-dimensional building database
Three-dimensional pincushion method
Vertical plane launch method
Slant plane--vertical plane method
Monte Carlo simulation of higher-order
channel statistics
Indoor site-specific predictions
Transmission through floors
Effect of furniture and ceiling structure on propagation over a floor
Summary
Problems
References
Index