
Résumé
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Far from being reducible to its contemporary acceptance, notably Heideggerian, the concept of finitude is a traditional one. This fact inspires this research, whose objective is to cast light on certain of its figures in the history of thinking. The aim is to study - while avoiding all preconceived interpretation and without claiming to be exhaustive - how this concept, at first explicitly present in Christian thinking of the first two centuries, was subsequently renewed throughout the history of thought. The concept of finitude appeared initially in the work of St. Gregory of Nyssa, the fundamental theologian of Divine Infinity, for whom 'the finite' - 'to peratoumenon' - is marked by the radical imperfection of not being God. The essence of the finite is therefore thought, by grace of the Platonic relationship between being and non-being. Belonging to the general domain of the finite, man is, in effect, separate from the true being , but he also possesses his own being. This double specificity is a constant in the Christian approach to the finite, which St. Thomas Aquinas expressed in his concept of 'ens finitum', partaking of the Being without limitation within its very limitations. Rejecting the medieval discontinuity between the finite being and its creator, still - to their minds - present in Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza revived the concept of finite through their shared ambition of an infinite rationality of the finite: the first by the notion of 'finite substance' derived from the infinite, the second by that of 'finite mode', an affection of the infinite substance. It is against such approaches to finitude that critical philosophy reacts: Kant's 'reasoning finite being' is an original subject and cannot therefore find support in an infinite rationality. German idealism undertook to go beyond this Kantian finitude using Kant himself as a starting point, by rethinking transcendental subjectivity. The question of what status to accord finitude - 'Endlichkeit' - lies at the heart of the controversies surrounding it. Heidegger first took up - though not without hesitation - this concept of 'Endlichkeit', rooted in Western tradition, speaking of a 'finitude of Dasein', then a 'finitude of the Being'. But soon the historical weight of such a concept appeared incompatible with the originality of his thinking. What emerges from this study is that an examination of finitude consists less in wondering whether or not man is a finite being than in determining the nature of that finitude. This determination is historically and philosophically decisive, for it concerns the essence of man, who can and must 'know himself, for himself'.
Caractéristiques techniques
PAPIER | |
Éditeur(s) | Cerf |
Auteur(s) | André Gravil |
Collection | La nuit surveillée |
Parution | 01/03/2007 |
Format | 13.5 x 21.5 |
Couverture | Broché |
Poids | 529g |
EAN13 | 9782204081740 |
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