The science and technology related to semiconductors have received significant attention for applications in various fields including microelectronics, nanophotonics, and biotechnologies. Understanding of semiconductors has advanced to such a level that we are now able to design novel system complexes before we go for the proof-of-principle experimental demonstration.
This book explains the experimental setups for optical spectral analysis of semiconductors and describes the experimental methods and the basic quantum mechanical principles underlying the fast-developing nanotechnology for semiconductors. Further, it uses numerous case studies with detailed theoretical discussions and calculations to demonstrate the data analysis. Covering structures ranging from bulk to the nanoscale, it examines applications in the semiconductor industry and biomedicine. Starting from the most basic physics of geometric optics, wave optics, quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, it provides a self-contained resource on the subject for university undergraduates. The book can be further used as a toolbox for researching and developing semiconductor nanotechnology based on spectroscopy.
1 Optical Spectral Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Prism to disperse light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Diffraction grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.3 Fourier transform spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.4 Modulation spectroscopy based on Fourier transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.5 A few key notes in spectral measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Introduction to Physics and Optical Properties of Semiconductors . . . 212.1 Energy band structure of electron state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.2 Lattice vibration and phonon spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.3 Light-matter interaction and optical spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.4 Polariton and spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Reflection and Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.1 Fresnel's equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.2 Reflection and transmission by a thin film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.3 Harmonic oscillator model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.4 Kramers-Kronig relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833.5 Thin film on substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984 Photoluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.1 Basic photoluminescence theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014.2 Optical transitions in low-dimensional structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114.3 Photoluminescence of quantum well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244.4 V-grooved quantum wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274.5 Quantum dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334.6 Multiphoton excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x Contents5 Modulation Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455.1 Third-derivative modulation spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475.2 Photo-modulated reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505.3 Thermo-modulation spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555.4 Piezo-modulated reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1656 Photocurrent Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676.1 Basics of quantum well infrared photodetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676.2 Photon absorption and photocurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1726.3 Photocurrent of quantum-dot embedded GaAs solar cell . . . . . . . . . . 1766.4 Multiple-photon induced photocurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1827 Optical properties of fluorescent colloidal quantum dots . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857.1 Absorbance and fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867.2 Time resolved fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927.3 Fluorescence blinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.4 Interaction between QD and ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2048 Computer codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2078.1 Light diffraction through a single slit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2078.2 Reflection and transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2088.3 Dimensionality of density of states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2148.4 Energy levels in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2178.5 Black body radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2228.6 Fluorescence decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2238.7 Imaging processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Dr. Ying Fu works at Royal Institute of Technology, where he teaches physics and biophysics, and conducts research focusing on studying and developing bio-conjugated quantum dots (QDs) as in vitro and in vivo biomarkers for studying molecular events of clinical relevance, both theoretically (advanced solid-state theories as well as first-principles theories involving heavy computing on nanostructures, nanophotonics, and nano-bio photonics), and experimentally with a particular strength in live cell and super-resolution bioimaging.
Dr. Wei LU is the professor in Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese academy of sciences. His research field is in the opto-electronics, focusing on the quantum effects and their applications. He has developed the new spectroscopy methods to study the semiconductor quantum structure, including quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dots. His developed LED and integrated optical filter have been used in satellite.
