Static Electricity
Günter lüttgens (author)|sylvia lüttgens (author)|wolfgang schubert (author)
Résumé
Sylvia L?ttgens was born in Geroda, 1946, was graduated a teacher and tried to direct the interest of her students to Music and English. Then she learned about static electrification and that it could be the cause for many a fire or an explosion. So she has been working together with her husband G?nter, carrying out experimental lectures (up to 2015) in seminars about electrostatics, giving practical proof of the theory. Besides she is publishing articles and writing specialist books on this topic.
Together with G?nter she compiled the first encyclopaedia on static electricity fifteen years ago and the third edition was published in 2013.
Wolfgang Schubert was born in 1952. He studied print technology in Leipzig and is a trained printer. He became self-employed in 1997 having previously worked in various managerial roles in the print industry and in sales and marketing for manufacturers of roll fed and sheet fed printing presses. Since then he has also been working in the specialised field of electrostatics, in sales and marketing and also in further education. He has co-authored the specialist publication Static Electricity.
In May 2016 he was publicly appointed and inaugurated by the Leipzig Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IHK) as an expert in the fields of printing processes, printing presses, printability, runnability, and packaging printing. He also works as an expert in the field of electrostatics.
About the Authors xiii
Opening Remark xv
Preliminary Remark xvii
Preface xix
1 Basics of Fire and Explosion: Risk Assessment 1
1.1 Basic Considerations on Fire and Explosion (T1) 1
1.2 Explosive Atmosphere 3
1.3 Hybrid Mixtures ( P7) 6
1.4 Allocation of Explosion-Endangered Areas and Permissible Equipment ( P6) 7
1.5 Permissible Equipment (Equipment Protection Level) 7
1.6 Ignition Sources 9
1.7 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) 11
1.8 Imaginary Experiment to Assess the Hazardous Potential of Flammable Liquids 15
PowerPoint Presentations 18
References 18
2 Principles of Static Electricity 19
2.1 Basics 19
2.2 Electrostatic Charging of Solids ( T2) 21
2.3 Triboelectric Series 24
2.4 Surface Resistivity 24
2.5 Electrostatic Charging of Liquids ( T2, T8) 28
2.6 Charging by Gases 31
2.7 Electric Field 33
2.8 Electric Induction ( T3) 36
2.9 Capacitance and Capacitor 38
PowerPoint Presentations 38
References 39
3 Metrology 41
3.1 Basics ( T7) 41
3.2 Appropriate Metrology for Electrostatic Safety Measures 44
3.3 Comparison: Electrostatics/Electrical Engineering 44
3.4 Selecting the Suitable Measurement Methods 45
3.5 Assignment and Summary 49
3.6 Conductivity of Liquids 51
3.7 Bulk Materials 52
3.8 Concerning the Use of Insulating Material in Endangered Areas 52
3.9 Measurement of Electrostatic Charges 52
3.10 Other Measurement Applications 68
3.11 Capacitance 77
3.12 Themes around Air Humidity 81
PowerPoint Presentations 87
Picture Credits 87
References 88
4 Gas Discharges 89
4.1 Mechanisms of Gas Discharges ( T5) 89
4.2 Electrostatic Gas Discharges 90
4.3 Types of Gas Discharges 94
4.4 Consequences of Gas Discharges 102
4.5 Listing of Traces Caused by Gas Discharges ( P11; T8) 102
4.6 How Can Dangerous Gas Discharges Be Avoided? 103
PowerPoint Presentations 111
Picture Credits 111
Video Credits 111
References 111
5 Preventing Electrostatic Disturbances 113
5.1 Electrostatics:When Sparks Fly 113
5.2 Dielectric Strength 117
5.3 Discharging Charged Surfaces 118
5.4 Potential Hazards Posed by Discharge Electrodes 134
Picture Credits 136
Video Credits 137
References 137
Further Reading 137
6 Description of Demonstration Experiments 139
6.1 Preliminary Remarks 140
6.2 Static Voltmeter 141
6.3 Field Meter 142
6.4 Van de Graaff Generator 142
6.5 Explosion Tube 142
6.6 Electrostatic Force Effects 144
6.7 Charges Caused by Separating Process 149
6.8 Charging of Particles 150
6.9 Electric Induction 153
6.10 Dissipating Properties 157
6.11 Experiments with the Explosion Tube 158
6.12 Gas Discharges 160
6.13 Fire and Explosion Dangers 168
Reference 175
7 Case Studies 177
7.1 Strategy of Investigation 177
7.2 Ignitions Due to Brush Discharges 180
7.3 Case Studies Related to Propagating Brush Discharges 192
7.4 Case Histories Related to Spark Discharges 204
7.5 Ignition Caused by Cone Discharges 212
7.6 Doubts with Electrostatic Ignitions 213
7.7 Act with Relevant Experience 219
PowerPoint Presentations 220
Video 221
References 221
8 Targeted Use of Charges 223
8.1 Applications 223
8.2 Examples of the Creative Implementation of Applications 226
8.3 Summary 251
Picture Credits 251
Video Credits 252
References 252
M Mathematics Toolbox 253
M1 Energy W of a Capacitance 255
M1.1 Minimum Ignition Energy WMIE 255
M1.2 Power P 255
M1.3 Electrical Efficiency η 256
M2 Field E; Field Strength E⃗ 256
M2.1 Homogeneous Field between Plane Plates 256
M2.2 Field of Point Charge 256
M2.3 Permittivity ε 257
M2.4 Field of Rod (Wire) Charge 257
M3 Flux Density D (Earlier: Dielectric Displacement) ⃗ 257
M4 Frequency f 258
M4.1 Wavelength λ 258
M4.2 Circular Frequency ω 258
M5 Inductance L 258
M5.1 Inductance Ls of an Air Coil 259
M6 Capacitance C 259
M6.1 Rod (Wire) across a Conductive Area 259
M6.2 Coaxial Cable/Cylinder Capacitance 260
M6.3 Conductive Sphere in Space 260
M6.4 Sphere Across a Conductive Area 260
M6.5 Shunt of Single Capacitors 261
M6.6 Plate Capacitor 261
M6.7 Series of Single Capacitors 261
M7 Force F, F⃗ 262
M7.1 Force between 2 Point Charges (Coulomb's law) 262
M8 Charge Q 263
M8.1 Moved Charge Qm 263
M8.2 Charge of Electron Beam Qe 263
M8.3 Surface Charge Density σ 263
M8.4 Mass Charge Density Q 264
M8.5 Volume Charge Density ρ 264
M9 Potential φ 264
M10 Voltage U 265
M11 Resistance R (Universal) 267
Annex 275
1 Videos for download from www.wiley-vch.de 275
2 PowerPoint Presentations 275
2.1 Theory of Electrostatics (Visualized by Experiments) 275
2.2 Practical Examples with "Freddy" (Electrostatic Hazards in Plant areas) 276
Index 277
The first chapter reviews the fundamentals of understanding fires and explosions in general and electricity-induced ignition in particular, while the following chapter is dedicated to the origins of static electricity in industrial settings, such as in flowing gases and the transport of disperse systems. The major part of the text deals with measuring static electricity, elimination of unwanted charges and hazard prevention under different conditions. It concludes with an overview of practical applications in chemical and mechanical engineering. Throughout the book, real-life case studies illustrate the fundamental aspects so as to further an understanding of how to control and apply static electricity and thus reduce material damages as well as increase occupational safety.
Plus additional movie sequences on the dedicated website showing static electricity in action.
Caractéristiques techniques
| PAPIER | |
| Éditeur(s) | Wiley |
| Auteur(s) | Günter lüttgens (author)|sylvia lüttgens (author)|wolfgang schubert (author) |
| Parution | 10/10/2017 |
| Nb. de pages | 312 |
| Format | 17 x 244 |
| Poids | 783g |
| EAN13 | 9783527341283 |
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