Artificial intelligence and cognitive

This volume outlines the three major research programs that have emerged over three decades in research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. The first program was classical artificial intelligence under the rubric of the physical symbol system hypothesis. The articles explore the program in general with special reference to the flagship Soar architecture. Several critiques of the program are also presented from the perspectives of cognitive psychology and from biological neuroscience. The second major research program was that of connectionism, or artificial neural networks. This coverage opens with a general introduction and goes on to explore both the main conceptual and philosophical attractions of the approach, and some of its most prominent early shortfalls. The final program is even more recent, and is not yet fully defined. But the broad focus is on the notion of emergence and the complex interplay of brain, bodily structure, and action. This approach raises profound philosophical and conceptual issues, and requires a reexamination of the basic notions of cognition, internal representation, and computation.

Table of contents

Introduction ..... vii

Physical Symbol Systems

Physical Symbol Systems    Allen Newell ..... 1

A Preliminary Analysis of the Soar Architecture as a Basis for General Intelligence    Paul S. Rosenbloom, et al. ..... 51

Approaches to the Study of Intelligence    Donald A. Norman ..... 89

Review of Allen Newell's Unified Theories of Cognition    Daniel C. Dennett ..... 109

Review of Allen Newell's Unified Theories of Cognition    Michael A. Arbib ..... 119

Connectionist Architectures

On the Nature of Theories: A Neurocomputational Perspective    Paul M. Churchland ..... 139

Connectionism, Constituency, and the Language of Thought    Paul Smolensky ..... 183

Connectionism and the Problem of Systematicity: Why Smolensky's Solution Doesn't Work    Jerry Fodor and Brian R. McLaughlin ..... 211

Autonomous Agents, Artificial Life, and Dynamical Systems

Why Not the Whole Iguana?    Daniel C. Dennett ..... 233

Intelligence Without Representation    Rodney A. Brooks ..... 235

What Might Cognition Be, If Not Computation'    Tim van Gelder ..... 257

Radical Artificial Life: Some Trouble Spots    Andy Clark ..... 295

Autonomy and Artificiality    Margaret A. Boden ..... 300

Acknowledgments ..... 307