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Linux Bible

Candace Leiden, Terry Collings

763 pages, parution le 01/06/2001

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Indisponible

Résumé

Sorting out the Linux hype from real world needs can be a daunting task. The Linux Bible gives you what you need to determine the right Linux product path in the popular and comprehensive Bible style.

LINUX is a sleek, fast, easy-to-use operating system similar to UNIX but without the fuss, bother, and complexity. The Linux Bible covers everything from getting started to using Linux, using shells and job control, to using the editors, filters, and advanced commands. This comprehensive book also includes system administrator coverage of installation of Linux, the applications, managing devices, file systems, backup and restoration of files and configuring DNS, NFS, and NIS and more.

Plus, you get include 2 CDs chock full of helpful applications and tools that support the most popular Linux operating systems. The CDs also include lots of published "how to" Linux documents, the publishers edition of Red Hat Linux, and more.

Contents

Preface vii

Acknowledgments xiii

Part I: Getting Started with Linux 1

Chapter 1: What Is Linux?

Some Basic Linux Factoids 3

Why is Linux Important? 4

Is Linux UNIX? 4

Is Linux Free? 4

What does Linux "free"dom really mean? 5

If Linux is free, why do some people charge for it? 6

Where Can I Get a Linux Distribution? 7

Who Uses Linux? And for What? 7

What Computers does Linux Run on? 7

What Software Runs on Linux? Is it Free Too? 8

Chapter 2: Getting Ready to Install Linux

Decisions, Decisions, Decisions 9

Where can you get Linux? 9

What kind of installation do you need? 11

What other operating systems need to co-exist with Linux? 11

Getting to Know your Hardware 12

Chapter 3: Installing Linux 19

Understanding Installation Requirements 20

Partitioning your Hard Disk 21

Beginning the Installation 22

Creating a Boot Disk 22

Configuring a Loader 30

Chapter 4: Inside Linux 41

Inside the Linux Kernel 41

Understanding multitasking -- A new concept
for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows users 42

Understanding device drivers 43

Understanding Linux process concepts 43

Jobs and processes -- parents and children 44

Understanding virtual-memory management 46

Understanding filesystems 48

Understanding Networking Features 49

Connecting with TCP/IP 50

Connecting with other network protocols 50

Delving into Daemons 50

Understanding Shells 51

What is a shell script? 52

What shells are out there? 52

Researching RPC (Remote Procedure Call) for IPC
(Interprocess Communication) 53

Part II: Getting Started with
Linux System Administration 55

Chapter 5: Linux System Management Responsibilities 57

Oh, the Responsibility! 58

It's Super to be Root 58

Getting Started with System Management 58

Configuring the help system and man pages 58

Booting (starting up) and shutting down the computer 59

Working with hardware devices 59

Installing (and uninstalling) software 59

Backing up and restoring directories and files 60

Configuring and managing user accounts 60

Managing printers and printing 60

Configuring and Managing Your Linux System in a Network 61

Configuring network hardware 61

Setting up your computer to connect to a TCP/IP network 61

Configuring other TCP/IP services 61

Advancing your System Administration Skills 62

Automating tasks 62

Rebuilding the kernel 62

Protecting a Linux system 62

Monitoring and tuning Linux system performance 63

Chapter 6: Managing Startup and Shutdown 65

Understanding the Boot Process 65

Understanding run levels 66

Investigating init 67

Understanding Shutdown Options 69

Shutting down and halting (going to run level 0) 70

Shutting down and immediately rebooting (going to run level 6) 70

Shutting down to single-user mode (going to run level 1) 71

Troubleshooting 72

Chapter 7: Installing Software Packages 73

Using Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) 73

Using tar 74

What is a package? 78

What is RPM? 78

Using RPM in command mode -- basic operations 78

Using RPM in graphical mode -- basic operations 79

Using RPM on Non-Red Hat Linux Distributions 86

RPM on Caldera OpenLinux 86

Using RPM on SuSE OpenLinux 87

Chapter 8: Managing Devices 89

Understanding Device Special Files 89

Linux devices for Windows, DOS, and OS/2 users 90

How do you create a device special file? 91

Categorizing Device Special Files 92

Character special files 92

Block special files 92

Named pipes 93

Inspecting the /dev directory 93

Managing Serial Devices 94

Getting started with "dumb" terminals 97

Logging in from the network 102

Getting started with modems 103

Input devices 106

Configuring your keyboard 107

Configuring pointing devices and mice 111

Configuring Parallel Port Devices 112

Leaving the Memory Device Special File Alone 113

Working with Tape Devices 113

Adding New Hardware 114

Exploring New Device Features in the 2.4 Kernel 115

Chapter 9: Managing Disk Devices 117

Introducing Hard Disk Concepts 117

Understanding physical versus logical disks 118

Looking inside a hard disk 118

Where are the partitions? 120

Creating Many out of One -- The Partition Story 121

Creating Many out of Many -- Partitioning Partitions 122

Understanding Partition Naming Conventions 124

Repartitioning for Linux 124

Why repartition? 125

How to repartition 126

Floppy Disks 131

CD-ROMs 132

Chapter 10: Managing Filesystems and Swap Space 135

Creating Filesystems 135

Getting started 136

Planning your filesystems 137

Mounting Filesystems Automatically 143

Mounting local filesystems automatically 144

Using /mnt for temporary mounts 145

Repairing Corrupted Filesystems after Power Failures
or Hardware Problems 146

Mounting Non-Native Filesystems 146

Working in the Standalone Shell (sash) 146

Configuring and Assigning Disk Quotas 149

Checking the kernel for quota support 149

Checking that you have the quota packages 150

Configuring the filesystem for quotas 150

Managing disk quotas 151

Setting up automatic quota checking at boot time 154

When is a filesystem not a filesystem? 154

Configuring Swap Partitions 156

Sizing swap space 156

Where should you put swap space? 158

New Filesystem Features in the 2.4 Kernel 158

Chapter 11: Backing Up and Restoring Filesystems 159

Backup Terminology 159

Devising a Backup Strategy 160

Using cpio (Copy-In/Out) 161

Creating a cpio archive (copy-out mode) 161

Extracting files from a cpio archive (copy-in mode) 161

Copying directory trees (passthrough mode) 162

Using tar (tape archiver) 164

Using dump and restore 166

Using dump 166

Restoring filesystems, directories, and files 172

Scheduling dump levels 174

Using Commercial Backup Solutions 177

Chapter 12: Configuring and Managing User Accounts 179

Managing Accounts 179

Adding new user accounts 180

Modifying existing user accounts 185

Disabling and deleting user accounts 185

Chapter 13: Managing Printers and Printing 187

What Printers Work with Linux? 187

Printing with Linux 188

Understanding the terminology 189

What happens when someone prints 189

Configuring the Linux Print System 190

Confirming that the kernel supports printing 191

Getting the printer driver 191

Connecting and testing the printer hardware 192

Setting up printer-control software 193

Starting the printer daemon (lpd) 195

Setting up the printcap file 195

Finishing touches 198

Using Printing Commands 198

Printing files 198

Checking the status of your print jobs 200

Using the lpc command to manage print services 201

Removing jobs from the print queue 203

Using a GUI Tool to Set up Printing 204

Using Caldera Open Linux's COAS printer configuration 204

Using Red Hat Linux's printtool 209

Remote Printing to Another Linux (or UNIX) Computer 209

Remote Printing to Non-Linux Printers 210

Printing to printers attached to computers
running Microsoft operating systems 210

What to Do if Something Goes Wrong 210

Part III: Using Linux 215

Chapter 14: Logging in and Starting to Use Linux 217

Deciding on a UI (User Interface) 217

Do you do windows? 217

GNOME and external window managers 218

Why would you do anything but windows? 219

Getting Started 220

Logging in 220

Changing your password 222

Logging out 223

Getting Online Help 224

Using the man pages to get online help 224

Using your GUI's help facility 225

Getting to Know GNOME 227

Understanding GNOME Basics 228

Using the main menu 228

Running applications 228

Customizing Your Environment 229

Using Control Center capplets 229

Creating launchers on the desktop 231

Moving panels 232

Adding a new panel to your desktop 232

Adding applications and applets to panels 232

Adding menus to panels 233

Grouping applications into drawers 234

Chapter 15: Working with Files and Directories 237

Getting Started with Linux Directory Concepts 237

A Quick Tour of a Linux Directory Tree 239

Using full pathnames 239

Moving around in the directory tree 239

Finding out where you are in the directory tree 240

Listing Files and Directories 241

Using wildcards in file and directory names 241

Getting more information from ls 242

Getting clues from ls -l listings 243

Finding files 244

Figuring Out What's in a File 244

Displaying the Contents of Files 245

Managing your Personal Files and Directories 245

Sharing and protecting your files and directories 246

Deciphering permission lists 248

Getting octal with umask -- why bother? 250

Are you a disk hog? 252

Chapter 16: Using an Editor 255

Choosing an Editor 255

Understanding vi Modes 255

Understanding ex-mode concepts 256

A Quick Tour of vi 256

Starting vi and creating a new text file 257

Exiting vi 258

Modifying an existing file 259

Chapter 17: Getting to Know bash 265

Using Nifty bash Features 266

Getting bash help 266

Letting bash complete file names and command names 268

Stringing commands together 268

Taking advantage of command history and recall 268

Redirecting input and output 270

Piping one command into the next 271

Understanding Variables 273

Using built-in shell variables 273

Defining your own local variables 274

Using environment variables 275

Creating Shortcuts and New Commands with Aliases 282

Customizing Your Environment with Initialization Scripts 283

When do initialization scripts execute? 284

What should go in initialization scripts? 285

Taking Advantage of Multitasking to Control Your Jobs 286

Understanding multitasking terminology 287

Moving between the foreground and background 288

Chapter 18: Shell Scripts 291

Understanding the Advantages of Shell Scripts 291

Saving time and typing 292

Saving even more time and typing 292

Sharing your time savings with other users 292

Writing and Executing Your First bash Script 293

Writing your first script 294

Running your first script 295

bash Syntax Rules and Quirks 296

Using metacharacters 297

Getting the white space right 300

Adding Functionality to Your Scripts 301

Prompting users for input 301

Reading input from a file 302

Using variables in scripts 302

Passing positional parameters on the command line to scripts 302

Testing for success (or failure) 304

Testing for everything 307

Comparing Values and Basing Actions on Conditions 308

Using the simplest if statement 308

Evaluating more complex if statements 310

Using "if" to test for success or failure 311

Using Flow Control to Follow Different Logic Paths 312

Using for loops to repeat actions 312

Repeating actions while a specified condition exists 313

Repeating actions until a specified condition exists 313

Using the case statement to evaluate multiple choices 315

Chapter 19: Discovering Filters 317

Using wc to Check More than the Number of Words 317

Using input and output files with wc 318

Using wc options 318

Getting Acquainted with sort 318

sort factoids 319

sort tips 319

Sorting by columns 321

Searching with the greps 324

Searching with regular expressions 325

Tips for "egrep-ing" with regular expressions 325

Tips for formatting "egrep-ed" output -- Using filters within a filter 327

Using awk 327

Getting started with gawk 328

Invoking gawk 328

Writing your first gawk program -- Hello World 328

Using BEGIN and END 330

Using expressions and variables with gawk 331

Generating simple reports with patterns only 334

Defining a variable in a gawk program 336

Gawk summary 337

Streaming Through Files with sed 337

How does sed work? 338

Stepping through some simple sed examples 338

Part IV: Configuring and Managing
TCP/IP Networking 341

Chapter 20: Configuring the Network 343

Introducing TCP/IP 343

Transmitting data across the network 344

IP Address Assignments 345

Networking in Linux 347

Configuring the network card 348

Configuring an internal network 349

Connecting to the Internet 351

Where do IP addresses come from? 351

Network mask and subnetting 353

Configuring a router 355

Configuring a point-to-point (PPP) connection 357

Connecting an internal network to the Internet (IP masquerading) 362

Connecting to a "foreign" network 363

Chapter 21: Configuring the Domain Name System (DNS) 365

What is Name Address Resolution? 365

Why Not Just Use the hosts File? 366

Installing the Software 368

Types of domain servers 369

File Configuration 371

Zone files 374

Types of resource records 374

Caching server 377

DNS Tools 381

Chapter 22: Configuring the Network File System (NFS) 387

Installing the Software 387

NFS Configuration Options 388

Configuring a server 388

The NFS daemons 389

Exporting filesystems 389

Configuring the NFS Client 391

Mounting NFS filesystems 392

Mount command options 393

Unmounting the filesystem 393

NFS Security 393

Server security 393

The portmapper 394

Client security 395

Chapter 23: Configuring Network Information Services (NIS) 397

The Difference between NIS and NFS 398

Configuring NIS Domains 398

Checking for NIS Programs 399

Configuring the NIS Master Server 400

Configuring the NIS Slave Server 401

Configuring the NIS Client 402

Modify the passwd and group Files for Use with NIS 403

Chapter 24: Configuring E-mail and Other Communication Services 405

E-mail from Start to Finish 405

Following the Mail Trail across the Internet 406

Starting at the beginning -- Composing the message with an MUA 407

Crossing the Internet with MTAs 407

LDAs and mailboxes 408

Back to the beginning -- Using an MUA 408

Notifiers on the side 409

More about MTAs 409

Comparing E-mail Cases 409

One user 409

SOHO (Small Office, Home Office) 410

Medium organization without a dedicated mail server 410

Medium organization with a dedicated mail server 410

Deciding on How to Serve E-mail 410

Understanding How the Protocols Fit into the Mail Trail 411

Understanding SMTP 411

Adding MIME to SMTP 412

Understanding POP3 -- the Post Office Protocol version 3 413

Understanding IMAP4 -- The Internet Message
Access Protocol, version 4 413

How routing facilitates travel on the mail trail 414

Configuring the Server Side 415

Configuring sendmail 415

Understanding and managing the mail queue 417

Configuring POP3 419

Configuring IMAP4 419

Setting up aliases to make life easier 420

Other files and commands that work with sendmail 421

Configuring the E-mail Client Side 422

Introducing Netscape Messenger 422

Configuring Netscape Messenger 423

Using Netscape Messenger 425

Tips for Securing your E-mail System 428

Protect against eavesdropping 428

Use encryption 428

Protect your intranet or personal desktop computer with a firewall 428

Don't get bombed, spammed, or spoofed 428

Be careful with SMTP 429

The News about News 430

Activating the NNTP Server 431

Reading the Newsgroups in pine 432

Configuring Netscape for News 432

Chapter 25: Configuring an FTP Server 435

Obtaining and Installing the Software 435

Understanding Anonymous FTP 438

Understanding FTP Directory Locations 438

Understanding Access Control 439

Understanding the FTP Client 441

Chapter 26: Configuring a Web Server 445

The Apache Web Server 445

Obtaining and Installing the Software 446

Configuration files 447

Configuration directives 447

Server configuration 453

Add-on modules and virtual hosts 455

Web-Server Configuration 455

Multiple instances of the Web server on the same computer 456

Multiple IP addresses 456

Multiple names for one IP address 457

Server Security 458

Host-based security 458

User-based security 458

Secure Socket Layers (SSL) 460

Part V: Advanced System Administration and
Network Administration 463

Chapter 27: Automating Tasks 465

Using at or batch to Schedule Infrequent Tasks 465

batch factoids 466

at factoids 466

Administering at and batch 468

Using the cron System to Schedule Routine Tasks 469

cron factoids 469

Creating and submitting personal crontab entries 470

How the cron system works 472

Administering the cron system 472

Chapter 28: Rebuilding the Kernel 475

Kernel Building Overview 476

Understanding terminology 476

Before you start 477

Unzipping (decompressing) the kernel source files 483

Extracting the kernel source files from the tar archive 484

Examining the source tree 485

Configuring and Building a New Kernel 486

Understanding kernel configuration options 487

Using the command line to configure the kernel 489

More ways to configure the kernel 493

Compiling the kernel 495

Causing the new kernel to take effect 496

Compiling and installing loadable modules 498

Chapter 29: Securing a Linux System 499

Understanding Security Terminology -- What's the Worst that Can Happen? 499

Hackers or crackers? Hacking or cracking? 500

Password cracking 500

What is spoofing? 501

What is a virus? 501

What is a worm? 501

What is a Trojan horse? 501

What is a denial of service attack (DoS)? 503

Devising a Security Strategy 503

Security policies and procedures 503

Physical security 504

Password security 504

Filesystem security 504

Network security 505

Securing your Physical Environment 505

Protecting the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) 506

Securing Linux at the boot-loader level 507

Using display locks 508

Implementing Password Security 510

Assigning and changing user passwords 511

Using password and group shadow files 512

Shadowing and unshadowing passwords 513

Password aging -- it happens to everyone 514

Shadowing groups 516

Checking passwords 518

su-ing to the root Account 519

Logging su 521

The rest of the story 522

Checking Filesystem Security 522

Checking file permissions 522

Finding suspicious files 523

Checking SUID and SGID settings 523

Setting system-wide default permissions with umask 524

Guarding Privacy 524

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) 526

Introducing GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard) 526

Getting GnuPG 528

Configuring GnuPG 528

Working with keys 529

Setting permission on key files 534

Getting information about keys 535

Using keys to encrypt data and messages 537

Signing messages and data 538

Securing root Access from Terminals 539

Securing Root Access across a Network 539

Securing Remote Access Utilities 540

Why use ssh (secure shell)? 540

Finding running network services and open sockets 542

Disabling unnecessary network services 543

Using tcp wrappers 546

Using Security Programs and Tools to Protect your System and Network 547

PortSentry 547

SATAN 548

SAINT 548

Protecting your Intranet behind a Firewall 549

How a firewall works 549

The filtering firewall 550

Adaptive firewall technology 550

The proxy server model 551

Network-management considerations for setting up a firewall 551

Configuring a firewall 552

Diagnosing Break-in Attempts 553

Checking files and permissions for risky or suspicious properties 553

Analyzing log files for security-related events 556

Analyzing log files 559

Controlling and Repairing Damage after a Break-in 561

Close the breach 561

Back up the compromised system(s) 565

Analyze the intrusion 565

Reporting the intrusion to CERT 565

Recovering from the intrusion 566

Keeping up to Date on Viruses, Vaccines, and Security Alerts and Fixes 567

Chapter 30: Shell Scripting for System Administrators 569

The First System Admin Script 569

Looking at a simple rc.local initialization file 570

Adding complexity to rc.local 572

Scripting Tips and Techniques from rc.local 574

Tip 1. Always check that files exist before you access them. 574

Tip 2. Store the results of a command in a variable for later use. 575

Tip 3. In a multi-architecture environment, write a
single script that works for all architectures. 576

Further hardware checking 578

Tip 4. Add pre-login security measures to rc.local. 578

Debugging Your Scripts 580

Keeping Users Informed 581

Implementing a Simple Menu 584

Using Functions 585

Writing a simple function to check disk-space usage 586

Using a function to test user input 587

Chapter 31: Introduction to Perl Programming
for System Administrators 589

What is Perl? 589

Why use Perl? 589

Your First Perl Program 590

Understanding the primary Perl syntax rules 591

Running your first program 591

Playing with the print Statement 592

Using Scalar Variables to Hold Values 593

Prompting for Input 597

Performing calculations on user input variables 598

Using array variables 601

Working with Files 602

Reading and Writing Files 604

Reading files 604

Writing to files 607

Handling a file open error 608

Writing Loops and Conditionals 608

Writing a while loop 608

Writing a for loop 610

Writing a foreach loop 611

Writing if tests 612

Writing unless tests 617

Introducing Perl Functions 617

Formatting Reports 619

Chapter 32: Monitoring and Optimizing Linux Performance 623

Using a Performance Methodology 623

What is a methodology? 623

Why use a methodology? 624

Understanding the Terminology 624

Collecting System Information 625

Identifying your hardware 625

Identifying software and understanding what users are doing 629

Collecting system information 632

Monitoring Performance and Creating a Baseline 636

Getting baseline data 637

Finding bottlenecks 637

Using Monitoring Tools 639

Using vmstat to see an overview of your computer's performance 639

Using top to see an overview of system resource utilization 640

top tips 642

Using a graphical top 643

Improving Disk I/O Performance 644

Monitoring performance with shareware (Bonnie) 645

Is IDE performance sufficient? 646

Using hardware RAID to improve disk I/O 647

Fight fragmentation 648

Improve memory performance 648

Improving CPU Performance 648

Improving Memory Performance 650

Determining memory requirements 650

Reduce swapping 651

Spread swap-file activity across hard disks 651

More swapping tips 651

Using hardware to improve memory speed 652

Other Performance Tips 652

Optimize the X Window System and hardware 652

Know where to go for help 653

Chapter 33: Monitoring and Optimizing Network Performance 655

Is your Local Host a Server? What Kind of Server? 656

What's a file server? 656

What's a mail server? 656

What's a Web server? 656

What's a compute server? 657

Using Tools to Find the Bottleneck 657

Using ping 658

Using ifconfig to display and modify
network-card settings 658

Looking for problems and events in system log files 659

Using the /proc filesystem to find network-device information 660

Using netstat to monitor network connections 661

Using nfsstat to find NFS performance problems 665

Finding and Fixing Network and Server Bottlenecks 666

Collision advice 666

Where's the bottleneck on file servers? 667

Where's the bottleneck on mail servers? 667

Where's the bottleneck on Web servers? 668

Chapter 34: Integrating Linux into Heterogeneous Networks 671

Sharing Linux Filesystems with MS Windows 95, 98, 2000, and NT 671

Installing Samba 671

Configuring the Samba server 673

The smb.conf file 673

Using SWAT 676

Samba client configuration 684

Using a Windows Printer from the Linux Computer 690

Why use Samba Instead of NFS? 692

Part VI: Appendixes 695

Apppendix A: About the CD-ROM 697

System Requirements 697

What You'll Find 697

Red Hat Linux 7.1 Publisher's Edition 697

Links to Linux HOWTOs and NHFs 697

Sample code from the programming chapters 698

Security tools and information 698

Tools and utilities 698

Appendix B: The Linux Directory Structure 701

The Root Filesystem (/) 701

The /usr Filesystem 702

The /var Filesystem 703

The /home Filesystem 704

The /proc Filesystem 704

Appendix C: Internet Resources for Linux 705

Who Hosts the Web Sites 705

Getting Linux Information from Operating-System Vendors 706

Getting Linux Information from the ".orgs" 707

Getting Linux Information from the ".coms" 708

Appendix D: Advanced Commands Glossary 711

Getting help 711

Working in the user Environment 712

Managing Files/Directories 714

Working with files 717

Text processing 718

Printing 719

Archiving 719

Controlling processes 719

Managing filesystems and swap 719

Monitoring the System 720

Handle with Care 720

Glossary 721

Index 729

GNU General Public License 776

End-User License Agreement 782

CD-ROM Installation Instructions 785

Hungry Minds, Inc.

New York, NY * Cleveland, OH * Indianapolis, IN

L'auteur - Candace Leiden

Candace Leiden is currently the chief technical officer at Cardinal Consulting. Forced to learn about computers because she was afraid of slide rules, Candace has been a software developer, a system administrator, and a database designer and administrator. When she is not worrying about Emily (her eight-year-old niece) knowing more about computers than she does, Candace teaches computer classes worldwide and writes courseware for major international software companies. She is an internationally recognized speaker on client/server computing, databases, and the UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT operating systems. Candace met Marshall Wilensky in 1981 when they both worked at the same company. She taught him everything he knows.

L'auteur - Terry Collings

Terry Collings is the Instructional Technologist at Muhlenberg College in Allentown, PA where he is responsible for researching and implementing emerging technology in an educational environment. He is also the system administrator for Red Hat Linux servers on campus.

Terry is also an adjunct faculty at Lehigh Carbon Community College where he teaches A+ and Network+ certification courses. He has previously taught courses on Unix, Linux, TCP/IP, and Novell Netware.

Terry is the co-author of Linux Bible and Red Hat Linux Networking and System Administration (first and second editions) as well as a contributing writer to the Linux Weekend Crash Course. He was the technical editor for the KDE Bible, The Samba Book, Unix Weekend Crash Course, Red Hat Linux 9 For Dummies, Solaris 9 For Dummies, Linux Timesaving Techniques, and Fedora Linux 2 For Dummies.

Caractéristiques techniques

	PAPIER
Éditeur(s)	IDG
Auteur(s)	Candace Leiden, Terry Collings
Parution	01/06/2001
Nb. de pages	763
Format	18,7 x 23,3
Couverture	Broché
Poids	1392g
Intérieur	Noir et Blanc
EAN13	9780764546624

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Linux Bible

Résumé

L'auteur - Candace Leiden

L'auteur - Terry Collings

Caractéristiques techniques

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